The Cracker

Cracker Cattle

What is the etymology of the term Cracker?  We all know what a Cracker was (or is).  A Southern Anglo-Celt, usually of Scots-Irish origin, who lives in the backcountry.   The term appears intact and in use by the mid-1700s in Colonial America.  One eighteenth-century definition of what a Cracker provides a good description; in 1776 a Colonial official wrote to the earl of Dartmouth:

I should explain to your Lordship what is meant by Crackers, a name they have got from being great boasters; they are a lawless set of rascals on the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia, who often change their place of abode.

They were basically a semi nomadic group who were excellent hunters, kept free range cattle and pigs, and lived in the backcountry.  They were normally of Ulster ancestry, but not exclusively so.

Cracker is still a much used term.  Dubious sources, such as Wikipedia, tell us it is a “usually derogatory term for white people.” Wikipedia also offers a proposed etymology of the term coming from the sound of the “whips” used by Southern whites on their livestock.

The real story is more complex.  It is term with links to Ulster and associated with the people we know as the Scots-Irish.  The original Crackers are also associated with free range cattle and lived in the backcountry.  That much is on firm ground, but the etymology is more difficult to deduce, but I believe is also linked to Ulster.  There are several possible origins, which I will not list and state each one’s case. 

Creachadóir:  This is the word I believe is the actual origin of Cracker. It is Ulster Gaelic and Scots Gaelic (Creachadair) word meaning, “raider and freebooter,” but also associated with the free range cattle drovers in Ulster.  In short, I think Cracker is the anglicised form of Creachadóir. 

Creach: (Ulster Gaelic) means a “herd of cattle,” and also a “Cattle raid.”   You will also find the word Greigh in Scot Gaelic meaning a “herd of cattle.”   There is also the Scots-Gaelic word Gréighear meaning a “farm grieve.”  (someone who took care of livestock) 

Other possible etymologies:

Cracaire: This word means “talker” or a person that chats a lot and is related to the modern Irish word “Craic” meaning “a gathering where people talk, have refreshments, and have a good time.”  As far as I can tell, the use of Cracaire and Craic are more recent in their use in the Gaelic language and I do not think this is the etymology of Cracker, but it is a debatable point.    

I think the salient element is the linking of Crackers to cattle.  Creach was anglicised as Creacht and was used from the mid-1500s into the early 1800s to describe both a herd of cattle and the drovers (cowboys) of the herd.  These men were also used for raiding parties.  So in actual use a Creacht was both a free range cowboy and raider and freebooter. In modern Gaelic usage the older meaning of free range cowboy has been dropped and now the definition is “raider and freebooter, ” but it was the same thing, or person, in a historical context.  So, in Ulster, we have the word Creach and Creacht in use in both Hiberno-English and Gaelic and meaning exactly what the Southern Crackers were.  Given the fact that the Crackers were from Ulster and were free range cowboys the Creach, Creacht, and Creachadóir, origin from Cracker is logical.

A Cracker Cowboy by Frederic Remington

The anglicised form may be from Creachadóir or it could be from Creach and anglicised from adding an English suffix of “er.”   I think however, the former more likely. 

So, the likely etymology of Cracker is from the Ulster and Scots Gaelic word Creachadóir.  For the record, Cracker is not considered derogatory among the Crackers living in the South today.  The opposite is true, it is an often used term of ethnic self-description and is a source of pride.  It means you are indigenous to the South, ancestors from Ulster or northwest Britain, have roots in the Uplands or Backcountry, are independent, self-reliant, you act in an honorable way, are good with weapons, hunting, fishing, and are man that knows how to do things.  As the Southern Crackers settled Texas and the Southwest they became the Cowboy, a cultural continuum of their unique lifestyle.   

Cowboy 1888

AncestryDNA and 23andMe (V3) transfer offer from Family Tree

(additional information of the transfer offer from Family Tree to people who test with AncestryDNA and 23andMe)

Family Tree DNA is now allowing people that have taken an AncestryDNA™ or 23andMe© (V3) test to transfer their raw data to the Family Finder database for FREE by visiting www.familytreedna.com/AutosomalTransfer!

 

That’s right!  Pass this news along to your friends and family members that have tested with Ancestry.com or 23andMe so they can discover new matches in the world’s largest genetic genealogy database for FREE!  

 

Note: Autosomal raw data cannot be transferred to an account that already has Family Finder

 

What’s in it for You?

After transferring, you’ll get your top 20 matches, complete with their surnames and relationship predictions.  You don’t have to do anything after uploading your data to see these matches.  You’ve got nothing to lose!

You can unlock ALL of your matches and myOrigins results for free by recruiting 4 other relatives or friends to transfer their results using a link we’ll provide!

Unlock Right Away for Just $39 If you do not want to wait for 4 others to transfer, we are also permanently reducing the price to unlock all of your matches and myOrigins results to just $39!     Once a transfer has purchased or referred 4 others they will unlock the full Family Finder experience!   How Does it Work? New customers must enter their name and email address to get started.  If you already have an FTDNA account, just click Already have a Family Tree DNA account?

Next, click ‘Upload Raw Data’ to select and upload the raw data file from AncestryDNA™ or 23andMe© (V3) from your computer.  It is not necessary to unzip the file prior to uploading it.  If you don’t have your raw data file handy, instructions on how to download it will be available.

The first round of results processing will take about an hour and an email notification will be sent to the registered email address after we are done processing the raw data.

Ulster Heritage Magazine: Transfer your 23andMe©(V3) or AncestryDNA™

Family Tree DNA is offering free transfers from 23andMe and AncestryDNA.  This is an excellent opportunity to upload your existed data into Family Tree's data base. 

Link:  23andMeV3 and AncestryDNA Transfers

Scots-Irish DNA Project Update 21 October 2014

Scots-Irish DNA project update 21 October 2014

The Scots-Irish DNA project has 504 participants as of this date.  Family Tree has added many new haplogroups and our project is now updated to include this.  The many new haplogroups are downstream from the major designations and represent more recent genetic mutations.  Many of the new haplogroups are linked to geographic locations.  The research is so new it is hard to post news of them as the data is still coming in.  But, eventually, those participants that have done extensive SNP testing should gain a much better understanding of their family's point of origin.

Some notes: non-surname matches are very important at the 67 and 111 levels.  In parts of Scotland surnames were not fixed until the 1600s and creation of new surnames from nicknames, aliases, or clan based surnames was common.  I have even observed several adoption of maternal surnames in paternal lines that married prominent women from another clan.  An example of a nickname being turned into a surname, Seamus Mac Dónaill Glass (the grey McDonald) living early 1700s and his sons just being known as the 'Gray' family.

One key to successful family research is observing geographic clues.  Look at the "Paternal Ancestor Names" of your match group for any geographic information.  The reason this is some important, families were in general very static and tending to stay in the same area of centuries.  Even among the Ulster Scots, this would be true in Scotland and then after migration to Ireland, they tended to stay in the district they initially settled. This pattern changed after the industrial age, but still there is general a cluster of matches where the family initially settled.

If you locate a geographic point of interest, you will want to look at the primary sources for that area.  Often you will find your surname, or some variation of it, at that location.  Some very good records for Scots-Irish families are the 1630 and 1642 muster rolls.  There function as a type a census as each family was expected to have their able bodied men report to the muster.

 

I also would ask everyone to go on your Family Tree page in enter your Paternal Ancestor Data. Make sure it is your direct paternal line (we have some that have enter maternal lines, again, the Y chromosome follows a man's direct paternal line, it is only passed from father to son, it cannot go through a maternal line).

 

If you are interested in your "Ancestral Origins"  make sure you have your 12 and 25 level results turned on.  This will show you your distant match group by geographic location.  The higher the percentage the greater the relevance.   Most of the Scots-Irish participants are descendants of the Insular Celts, these are the indigenous Celtic tribes of both Highland and Lowland Scotland.  We do have a fair number of Norse/Norman participants, and the a few haplogroups that are associated with parts of Europe that suggest a Roman Empire connection or in some cases medieval trading families.

 

For those of you with Highland Scot origin, Amazon has the Ulster Heritage book 'The Laggan Redshanks' on sale at present.  This book concerns the Highland Scots that settled in east Donegal and northwest Tyrone in the late 1500s.  We hope to get out a similar book on the Highland Scots that settled in north Antrim, which is the other major source of Highland Scots, or Redshanks as they were called, in Ulster.

Our blog address is:

http://thescotsirish.blogspot.com/  (The Scots-Irish Blog)

Anyone that has a family history update, interesting Scots-Irish news, and short articles on Scots-Irish people, society, culture, food, etc., are urged to submit to the blog.  You may also post news of your own personal Family Tree surname project.  It is an excellent way to get the word out and encourage men with your surname to test.  Many of our participating families have located their cousins in Ireland and Scotland by "getting the word out."

 

The best of luck with your research. 

 

R-L21 Haplogroup and the Scots-Irish

 

Above is a map showing the location of the R-L21 Haplogroup.  R-L21 Haplogroup and the growing number of downstream (more recent in chronology) is the haplogroup of the majority of the Scots-Irish.  Historically it represents the 'Western Atlantic Celtic' population, which includes the Insular Celts, both Gaelic and Cumbric.   In layman's language, this population has it origins in the indigenous Celtic tribes of Britain and Ireland.  Within the Scots-Irish population this includes the native Cumbric Celtic tribes of what we now call the Scottish Lowlands, and the Gaelic population.  This tells us the majority of the people in the New World that identify as 'Scots-Irish' are the descendants of the indigenous Celts of the British Isles and Ireland.  (map is from the Eupedia website)

Short Film on Scots-Irish

short film on the Scots-Irish done by Penn State University.

John Steinbeck and his Scots-Irish mother

Many families married into the Scots-Irish.  German families in the Upland and backwood South often became part of Scots-Irish society.  Here is a link to an article on John Steinbeck with information of his Scots-Irish mother. 

Link:  Okie Faces & Irish Eyes: John Steinbeck & Route 66 (From Irish America Magazine)

Texian Militia 1835

The Battle of Gonzales 2 October 1835

The Battle of Gonzales was fought near Gonzales, Texas, on 2 October 1835, between Texian settlers and a detachment of Mexican army troops. It was the first battle of the Texas War for Independence.  The majority of the Texians were Scots-Irish who had moved to Texas from Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama.

In 1831, Mexican authorities gave the settlers of Gonzales a small cannon to help protect them from frequent Comanche raids. During the ensuing four years, the political situation in Mexico deteriorated and in 1835 several states, including Texas, revolted.  Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea, the commander of all Mexican troops in Texas, requested the return of the cannon.

Design of the original Gozales flag

This request was refused and Ugartechea sent 100 dragoons to retrieve the cannon. The soldiers neared Gonzales on 29 September. The colonists negotiated with the Mexican troops but also sent messengers to request help from nearby communities. Within two days, up to 140 Texians gathered in Gonzales. On 1 October 1835, the Texian militia voted to fight rather than surrender their cannon.  The Texian militia was led by John Henry Moore, originally of Rome, Tennessee, who had settled in Texas in 1818.  Mexican soldiers opened fire as Texians approached their camp in the early hours of October 2.  The two sides exchanged fire for several hours, after which the Mexican troops retreated.

The skirmish marked a clear break between the colonists and the Mexican government and is considered to have been the start of the Texas Revolution. News of the skirmish spread throughout the United States, where it was often referred to as the "Lexington of Texas".

Modern version of the Gozales flag, still in use

Families in Londonderry, 1619-1800

SCOTS-IRISH ORIGINS, 1600-1800A.D.
GENEALOGICAL GLEANINGS OF THE SCOTS-IRISH IN COUNTY LONDONDERRY, IRELAND
PART THREE - ‘THE MAIDEN CITY’
THE INHABITANTS OF THE CITY OF DERRY / LONDONDERRY BEFORE THE SIEGE (c.1600-1688)

By Bob Forrest, B.A. Hons; Economic and Social History (Queen’s University, Belfast). 112 pages, over 2000 surnames
This is the third volume in the Scots-Irish Origins series. This volume focuses on the historic city of Derry/Londonderry in the seventeenth century and makes available a number of valuable and unique sources for the period.
The following seventeenth century records are included in this volume for the city of Derry/Londonderry:-
- the 1619 Inquisition,
- 1622 Muster Roll
- 1628 Rent Roll
- 1630 Muster Roll (599 names)
- 1642 Muster Rolls (9 companies)
- 1654/6 Civil Survey, 1659 Census
- 1663 Hearth Money Roll
- as well as numerous miscellaneous records including; Corporation records (Governors, Mayors, Aldermen, Sheriffs), lists of merchants and seamen linked to the port of Derry, Gravestone Inscriptions from the seventeenth century, siege records, Summonister (court) records (1611-1670), Will indexes (1600-1700), original will abstracts, and a list of Derry voters from 1697.

Link to Purchase:  Scots-Irish Origins


By Bob Forrest, B.A Hons; Economic and Social History (Queen’s University, Belfast). 112 pages, over 2000 surnames.

This is the third volume in the Scots-Irish Origins Series. This volume focuses on the historic City of Derry/Londonderry in the seventeenth century and makes available a number of valuable and unique sources for the period.

Derry is set in a beautiful location having been built on sloping hills set against the backdrop of the Inishowen mountains at a curve on the river Foyle and is one of the longest, continually inhabited places in Ireland with a record of monastic settlement dating from 545A.D. ‘The Derrie’, or ‘the oak-grove’, was an island area situated on the Foyle and became a settlement of strategic importance but remained an isolated outpost until the late sixteenth century. Sir Henry Dowcra’s military expedition, which arrived in Lough Foyle in May 1600, at the height of the Nine Years War, was instrumental in paving the way for the plantation of Ulster that began only a few years later under James I. After Dowcra, the British stayed in the northwest and by the early seventeenth century Derry had become a frontier settlement at the heart of the Ulster Plantation scheme.

The city was renamed Londonderry reflecting the involvement of the London Companies in the plantation of the county of Coleraine (also renamed Londonderry), and one of their obligations was to build a city at the site of Derry. The new planned city had an historic military function and extant muster rolls exist for the city for 1622, 1630 and 1642 and give indication of Derry’s origins as a garrison town. The city survived two sieges and repulsed all attacks during the seventeenth century. It was the resilience of Derry that largely ensured the survival of the Ulster plantation in the seventeenth century.

The purpose of this work is to identify the families and people resident in Derry in the seventeenth century, especially in the period before the siege. The colony planted by Dowcra was predominantly English in character but during the reign of James I increasing numbers of Scots from surrounding areas such as Rathmelton and Raphoe (Donegal) crowded into the new town searching for work. Trade links with Scotland were strong especially with the ports on the western seaboard. By 1630 Derry was the largest settlement in Ulster and had a population of 500 adult males and was similar insize to Boston, which in 1640 had a population of 1,200. In 1637, the surveyor-general of customs noted that the Scots heavily outnumbered the English in Derry. The rapid growth of the Scottish colony was remarkable and this is reflected in the surnames in the hearth returns for the city and liberties in 1663. By 1700 Derry had a population of over two thousand and the most impressive town in Ulster with its walls and regular street plan. Commerce was central to the life of Londonderry, which became a busy shipping port and this volume gives evidence of maritime, mercantile and craft elements present in the city in the seventeenth century.

Mr. Forrest has utilized a wide range of sources for this publication: Burgh records in Scotland, House of Common’s Journals, Calendar of State Papers, Calendar of Treasury Books, and the records from the National Archives of Scotland and the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland in order to identify the inhabitants of Derry and with over 2000 surnames this volume gives comprehensive listing of the inhabitants of the city before the siege.

The following seventeenth century records are included in this volume for the city of Derry/Londonderry:-
- the 1619 Inquisition,
- 1622 Muster Roll
- 1628 Rent Roll
- 1630 Muster Roll (599 names)
- 1642 Muster Rolls (9 companies)
- 1654/6 Civil Survey, 1659 Census
- 1663 Hearth Money Roll
- as well as numerous miscellaneous records including; Corporation records (Governors, Mayors, Aldermen, Sheriffs), lists of merchants and seamen linked to the port of Derry, Gravestone Inscriptions from the seventeenth century, siege records, Summonister (court) records (1611-1670), Will indexes (1600-1700), original will abstracts, and a list of Derry voters from 1697.

The following surnames can be found in this book:
ABBOT, ACORNE, ADAIR, ADAM, ADAMS, ADDERTON, ADDISON, ADAIR, ADARE, ADERTON, ADMISTON, AIKEN, AKENHEAD, AKINE, ALCORNE, ALEXANDERS, ALL, ALLAN, ALLANE, ALLECEN, ALLEN, ALLESTER, ALLEXANDER, ALLINE, ALLINSON, ALLYSON, ALSEN, ALSON, ANDERSON, ANDERTON, ANDROS, ANDROSS, ANKOR, ANKTILL, APLEN, APLIN, APLINE, APPLETON, AP-RICHARDS, APTON, ARBUCKELL, ARBUCKLE, ARCHER, ARCHY, ARCKETILL, ARDOCK, ARKWRIGHT, ARMSTRONG, ARTHUR, ASBURY, ASH, ASHBRIG, ASHE, ASHBURY, ASHDONE, ASHE, ASTRY, ATCHESON, ATCHISONN, ATKIN, ATKINSON, AUBERRY, AUSTEN, AVERELL, BABINGTON, BACON, BAILEY, BAGENALL, BAGNAL, BAGGS, BAKER, BAKON, BAILY, BAIRD, BALE, BALER, BALIFF, BALL, BALLARK, BALLAS, BALER, BALRIGE, BAMBRIDGE, BANCKES, BANKES, BAR, BARR, BARBER, BARKER, BARNARD, BARNES, BARNET, BARNSLY, BARR, BARRINGTON, BARRY, BARTLET, BARTON, BARWICKE, BASILL, BASLY, BASTARD, BATE, BATEMAN, BAUX, BAXTER, BAYLEY, BAYLY, BAYLYE, BEAMES, BEARDE, BEATY, BEAUMONT, BEAURIGE, BECK, BECKE, BEGARD, BEGGE, BEGGS, BELL, BEN, BENDENE, BENDERMAN, BENNET, BENEY, BENNETT, BENSON, BERESFORD, BERKETT, BERKELY, BERRY, BETSON, BEYLANDS, BICKERSTAFF, BINDINS, BINGLEY, BINGLY, BIRD, BIREY, BIRNE, BIRNIE, BISHOPP, BITROW, BIVES, BLACK, BLACKBORNE, BLACKBURN, BLACKE, BLACKER, BLACKHORNE, BLACKWELL, BLACKWOOD, BLAIR, BLAND, BLANY, BLUNDELL, BLUNKET, BOGG, BOGGE, BOGGES, BOGGS, BOHANAN, BOID, BOOTH, BORES, BOUGHAN, BOURKE, BOWEN, BOWSER, BOWYER, BOYD, BOYDE, BOYLES, BOYNE, BRABAZON, BRADIN, BRADY, BRAGG, BRAMPTON, BRAMSON, BRAMSTONE, BRARESHILL, BRASIER, BRAZIER, BRELLAHAN, BRICE, BRIDERS, BRIDEMAN, BRIDGES, BRIGHTE, BRIERS, BRIGHT, BRISSON, BROME, BROOKE, BROOKES, BROOKS, BROOME, BROSTER, BROWN, BROWNE, BROWNING, BRUNETT, BRUCE, BRYLAND, BUBBY, BUCHANAN, BURDINS, BULL, BULLACK, BURDIST, BURGESS, BURK, BURKE, BURLEIGH, BURLY, BURNES, BURNESIDE, BURNETT, BURNEY, BURNSIDE, BURNSYD, BURRELL, BURTON, BUTLER, BUTTON, BYAR, BYARS, BYERS, BYRES, CADE, CAHAN, CAHANE, CAHOWNE, CAIRNES, CAIRNS, CALBREATH, CALISE, CALDWELL, CALHOUN, CALLWELL, CALVEILL, CALWELL, CAMBELL, CAMBLE, CAMEL, CAMELL, CAMPBELL, CAMPIAN, CAMPSEY, CAMPSIE, CAMSY, CANNING, CANWELL, CAPP, CARBUT, CARIDGE, CARLETON, CARLILL, CARMIHILL, CARNES, CARE, CAREY, CARNES, CARR, CARRIGAN, CARRIGEN, CARRINGTON, CARSELL, CARSWELL, CARTER, CARY, CARYE, CASELL, CASKEY, CASON, CASSRONE, CASTELL, CECIL, CHADDOCK, CHALMERS, CHAMBERS, CHAPMAN, CHAPTMAN, CHESAN, CHETWOOD, CHICHESTER, CHILDS, CHILES, CHRISTUELL, CHRISTWELL, CHRISTYE, CHURCH, CLANTON, CLAPONE, CLAPP, CLARE, CLARK, CLARKE, CLARKSON, CLARSON, CLAVE, CLAYDE, CLAYTON, CLEGG, CLEID, CLEMENCE, CLEMENT, CLEMENTS, CLENAGHAN, CLINTON, CLOYD, CLOYDE, CLUIG, CLYDE, CLYTON, COALE, COATCH, COCHERAN, COCHERANE, COCHRAN, COCHRANE, COCKAYNE, COCKBARNE, COCKE, COCKEN, COCKENS, COCKER, COCKRAN, COCKRANE, COCKS, COGHERAN, COGHERON, COHOUNE, COLE, COLHOUNE, COLLINS, COLUINE, CONINGHAM, CONINHAM, CONLAY, CONNINGHAM, CONNOCK, CONNOR, CONOHER, CONOLLY, CONYNGHAM, COOK, COOKE, COOMES, COOP, COOPER, COOTE, COOTES, COPE, CORMACK, CORNHILL, CORNWALL, CORRION, CORRY, COTESMER, COTMORE, COTTESMORE, COTTISMORE, COTYMORE, COURTNEY, COVAN, COWAN, COWEY, COWPER, COX, COYLE, CRAFORD, CRAFFORD, CRAG, CRAGE, CRAGG, CRAGHEAD, CRAIG, CRAIGE, CRAKSHANK, CRACKSHANESSE, CRANE, CRANEEN, CRAVAN, CRAVEEN, CRAVEN, CRAYFORD, CRAYTON, CRAWFFORDE, CRAWFORD, CRESWELL, CROASE, CROFTON, CROFTS, CROKETT, CROMIE, CROOKESHANKES, CROOKESHANKS, CROOK, CROOKS, CROOKSHANK, CROOKSHANKS, CROSER, CROSS, CROSTS, CROW, CROWTHER, CRUICKSHANK, CRUKSHANKS, CUIN, CUISTION, CULBERSON, CULILAND, CUMMELL, CUNINGHAM, CUNINGHAME, CUNNINGHAM, CUNSTALL, CURIE, CURINGHAM, CURLING, CURLINGE, CURRY, CUST, CUTBERTSON, CUTHBERTSON, DALLAWAY, DANE, DANIELL, DANIELSON, DANY, DANYE, DAUIS, DAUISSON, DAVEY, DAVIES, DAVENPORT, DAVIS, DAVISON, DAVY, DAVYES, DAWBY, DAWLEY, DAWNAM, DAWSON, DEAL, DEALE, DECON, DELAP, DELAPP, DE-LAVIE, DE-LAVIS, DENNISON, DENNEY, DENNY, DENSYNE, DEVENNY, DICKES, DIGGS, DILLION, DINN, DIXON, DOAKE, DOBBIN, DOBBS, DOBSON, DODDINGTON, DOGHIRTY, DOLLMAN, DOLLWAY, DONELLAN, DONELDSON, DONELLSONN, DONNELSOM, DONNELSON, DORAN, DORNE, DOUGALL, DOUGHARTY, DOUGHERTY, DOUGLAS, DOUGLASS, DOUGLESS, DOUL, DOWAY, DOWDALL, DOWELL, DOWEY, DOWGALL, DOWNE, DOWNEING, DOWNES, DOWNING, DRAPER, DRIVER, DROSTER, DRUMMOND, DRURY, DUCE, DUDLES, DUGLAS, DUGLEISH, DUGLISH, DULAP, DULAPP, DUMBAR, DUNBAR, DUNBARR, DUNCAN, DUNKAN, DUNKIN, DUN, DUNBAR, DUNBARR, DUNN, DURDOK, DUTTON, DYKES, DYLLAN, EADIE, EARLS, EDGEWORTH, EDMONDS, EDMONSTONE, EDWARD, EDWARDS, EIDEN, ELDER, ELKES, ELLICOCK, ELLINGSWORTH, ELLIOT, ELLIOTT, ELLIS, ELVIN, ENALLRE, ENCHE, ENGLISH, ENICKSON, ERSKINE, ERWIN, ERWINE, ERWYN, ESPIE, EVANS, EVERS, EVERY, EVIN, ELVINE, EWEING, EWIN, EWING, EWRYE, EYERS, FANE, FAR, FARALD, FARBASCO, FARBET, FARGISHILL, FARMER, FARMES, FARQUHAR, FARR, FAULCONER, FENUY, FERGISON, FERGUSON, FERGUSSONE, FERRIER, FERRON, FERRY, FFINCH, FFOLLIOT, FFLANELL, FFLEMINGE, FFRANCKLAND, FRANKLINN, FFULTON, FILSELL, FINCH, FINDLAY, FINLEY, FINNIE, FINNSTON, FISHER, FIXTER, FLAVEL, FLEMIN, FLEMING, FLEMINGE, FLETCHER, FLEUILL, FOKER, FOLIOT, FOLLIOT, FOLLIOTT, FORGISSON, FORRESTER, FORSTER, FORSYTH, FORTESCUE, FORTISCUE, FORWARD, FOSTER, FOWELL, FOWLER, FOX, FOXLEY, FRAMPTON, FRAZIER, FREEBORNE, FREEMAN, FREMAN, FREN, FRENCH, FREWEN, FRIXTER, FRONDE, FUISH, FULLER, FULLERTON, FULLERTONN, FULTON, FUSHEY, FYNLEY, FYNLY, GAGE, GAINE, GAIT, GAJE, GALBEATH, GALBRAETH, GALBRAITH, GALLAGHER, GALLAUGHER, GALLOHER, GALTWORTH, GAMBELL, GAMBLE, GANNE, GARDELL, GARDENER, GARDINER, GARDNER, GARNET, GARY, GATE, GATES, GAULT, GAW, GAWLIAM, GAY, GEERING, GELVERY, GENIONS, GEORGE, GEVEN, GEYMES, GIBBON, GIBBS, GIBSON, GIBSONN, GIFFIN, GIFFINE, GIFFORD, GIFFORE, GIFFORDE, GILCHRIST, GILES, GILL, GILLASPY, GILKSONN, GILLER, GILLESPIE, GILLESPY, GILLIERE, GILLPATRICKE, GILLSONN, GILPATRICK, GILSONE, GIMBLE, GLADSTANES, GLASGOW, GLENN, GLOWRE, GLOVER, GOBURNE, GODBOLD, GODFREY, GODMAN, GOEBRETH, GOLDSMITH, GOLTERYE, GOODFELLOW, GOODWIN, GOODYEER, GOOSE, GORDON, GORE, GORGE, GORGES, GORMAN, GOTERY, GOTTERY, GOWEN, GRACE, GRAIDY, GRAFT, GRAHAM, GRAHAME, GRAHAMES, GRASSE, GRAUE, GRAVE, GRAVELL, GRAY, GRAYE, GREDINE, GREEN, GREENLEES, GREG, GREGG, GREGOR, GREHAMES, GRENE, GREYME, GRIFFE, GRIFFEN, GRIFFIN, GRIFFINE, GRIFFITH, GRIGSON, GRIMES, GRINSTEED, GRISKINGS, GRODYE, GROERTYE, GROFVENOR, GROVE, GROVES, GRYER, GRYMES, GUGHTREDGE, GUINE, GUNTER, GUTHERY, GUTHRYE, GUY, GWINE, GWYNN, GYLES, GYLLES, HAILE, HAIRE, HAIRES, HAIRS, HALL, HALLE, HALLEY, HALSHTON, HALTON, HAMAN, HAMBLETON, HAMEL, HAMELL, HAMIL, HAMILL, HAMILTON, HAMILTONN, HAMMILTON, HAMMILTOUNE, HAMMON, HAMMOND, HAMOND, HANAH, HANDASYDE, HANCOCK, HANDCOCK, HANDFORD, HANDLINGE, HANFORD, HANMER, HANKES, HANKOLY, HANNA, HANNOCK, HARCOUGH, HARDMAN, HARE, HARETOP, HARISON, HARISONE, HAROLL, HARPER, HARRAWAY, HARRINGTON, HARRISON, HARRYE, HART, HARTE, HARTT, HARTWELL, HARVEY, HARVYE, HARYSON, HARWOD, HASELLWOOD, HASTON, HAUGTEN, HAWARD, HAWKE, HAWKES, HAWKINS, HAY, HAYE, HAYDEN, HAYRE, HEA, HEARD, HEATH, HEATLYE, HEATON, HEGGARD, HEMSWORTH, HEMYN, HEARD, HEATH, HENDER, HENDERSON, HENDMAN, HENRICK, HENRY, HENRYE, HEPBOURNE, HEPBURNE, HERD, HERRIS, HERY, HEWAT, HEWESTON, HEYE, HILHOUSE, HILL, HILLE, HILLHOUSE, HINCKSONE, HINDEMAN, HINDMAN, HINKESON, HINSON, HOBSON, HOBSONN, HODGKINS, HOGG, HOLDING, HOLLAND, HOLMES, HOME, HOMESONN, HONE, HONEY, HOODE, HOPKINS, HOPPON, HORN, HOROSTON, HOSLOCKE, HOUGHTON, HOULE, HOUSE, HOUSELOCK, HOUSTON, HOUSTONE, HOUSTONN, HOW, HOWE, HOWELL, HOWARD, HOWESON, HOWESONN, HOWTON, HOYLE, HUCHESON, HUDCEN, HUDSON, HUDSONN, HUES, HUEY, HUFTON, HUGHES, HULLS, HULLYE, HUMBESTONE, HUMES, HUNT, HUNTER, HUNTERHURD, HUSCOCK, HURST, HUSTON, HUSTONE, HUTCHISONN, HUTCHON, HUTSON, HUSTONE, HUTTON, HYNDMAN, HYNES, HYNN, INCHE, INGLIS, ISLEN, IRISH, IRWIN, IRWYN, JACKARD, JACKET, JACKSON, JACKSONN, JACON, JAMESON, JAMISON, JEFFRYS, JEFFS, JEMMET, JENKIN, JENKINE, JENKINES, JENNINGS, JENNINS, JENNY, JEREMY, JOANES, JOHNES, JOHNSON, JOHNSTON, JOHNSTONE, JONES, JORDAN, JOURDEM, JOURDAN, JOURDEN, KADWALLADER, KANAN, KANE, KANNE, KARR, KEAN, KEARNS, KEAWORTH, KEELAND, KEENE, KEILE, KELLY, KELLYE, KENDRICK, KENEDYE, KENNEDY, KENNY, KENRICK, KENWOOD, KER, KERBYE, KERKE, KERNES, KERR, KETLEBYE, KEYES, KEYLE, KEYMYN, KEYS, KIDEL, KILL, KILNER, KILPATRICK, KINASTON, KING, KINGE, KINGSTON, KINKAIDE, KINKEAD, KINNISTON, KIRBY, KIRK, KITCHINE, KITWALLADER, KNEALAND, KNEELAND, KNELAN, KNELAND, KNIGHT, KNOBBS, KNOBS, KNOCKS, KNOTT, KNOWELS, KNOWLES, KNOX, KYLE, KYLL, KYLLE, KYNASTON, KYNG, LABAL, LABE, LACI, LAMAN, LAMKIN, LANCE, LANE, LANG, LANGEMORE, LANGFORDE, LANGMORE, LANGTON, LAPSLEY, LARGE, LASON, LATHAM, LATHEM, LATHUM, LATHUN, LAULIN, LAULY, LAUTY, LAVEY, LAWE, LAWRENCE, LAWRY, LAWSON, LAWSONN, LAWTIE, LAWTON, LAYON, LEA, LEACH, LEACHEN, LEAKE, LECKY, LEAP, LESTON, LEATHEM, LECKIE, LECKY, LEDIAT, LEE, LENEN, LENOX, LENNOX, LENRY, LERGE, LESLIE, LESLY, LESTON, LEWIS, LEY, LIDSUM, LINDSAY, LINDESAY, LINDSEY, LINDSEYE, LINNE, LITROW, LOGAN, LOGG, LOGGAN, LONE, LONG, LONGE, LOUGH, LOUGHEAD, LOUTHER, LOW, LOWRIE, LOWRY, LOWTHER, LUCAS, LUNDIE, LUNDY, LYN, LYNDSAY, LYNDSIE, LYNN, LYNNE, LYNTON, LYON, MACBELLANE, MACCABRID, MACCHIRKSON, MACCLAIE, MACCLELAND, MACCLOUKES, MACCONNELL, MACCORKILL, MACCORRIGAN, MACCREE, MACGENNLY, MACGORE, MACGORMLEY, MACGROGERTY, MACGRORTY, MACGOWNE, MACK, MACKAY, MACKEY, MACILCONNEL, MACKENNLIE, MACKENZIE, MACKIE, MACKILDUFF, MACKILLNEY, MACKINNEY, MACKINNY, MACLAGHLIN, MACLCONNEL, MACKMATH, MACKRERY, MACKRONE, MACQUIGLEY, MACLOGHLIN, MACNICHOL, MACCOLLOGH, MACONAHYE, MACOWELL, MACPHETRIX, MACSWINE, MACAULY, MACWARD, MADDAN, MADER, MADERELL, MADERNELL, MADLEY, MADOX, MAGEE, MAGHLIN, MAGOWEN, MAGOWNE, MAINE, MAIOR, MAIRE, MAJOR, MAKAYE, MAKEE, MAKEIR, MAKENNIS, MAKEYE, MAKIM, MAKING, MAKKAY, MAKLANE, MALCOLLUM, MANBY, MANESFIELD, MANESOOTH, MANSFIELD, MANSON, MARCEY, MARDOCK, MARE, MAROW, MARROW, MARSDEN, MARSH, MARSHALL, MARSTONE, MARTIALL, MARTIN, MARTINE, MASON, MASTERS, MATGINSEY, MATHEW, MATHEWES, MATHREWES, MATTHRO, MATIRE, MAULAN, MAXFIELD, MAXWELL, MAY, MAYOR, McARTAN, McBOYLE, McBREAN, McCACLES, McCALLAN, McCAMUL, McCAMUS, McCAN, McCARKAN, McCARMICK, McCARRUNGALL, McCARTHY, McCAVERE, McCAWLEY, McCAY, McCARRELL, McCLELLAND, McCLELLANY, McCLENAGHAN, McCOLE, McCOLLON, McCOMBE, McCONNELL, McCONOGHIE, McCORBE, McCORDALL, McCORMICK, McCOWAN, McCRACKEN, McCREE, McCULLOCH, McCULLOGH, McCUTCHEN, McCUTCHEON, McFFARLAN, MACFETRIDGE, McGEE, McGIMPSY, McGILL, McGILLBREEDY, McGILLIGAN, McGLOON, McGOWEN, McGUNN, McILLCOYLL, McILDUE, McILLDUFFE, McILTEGART, McKANLY, McKEE, McKEENE, McKENLEN, McKENLY, McKENNEY, McKENNY, McKER, McKEROGE, McKEY, McKEYNE, McKILCOME, McKILCRONE, McKILDUFFE, McKILTIRE, McKINNILEY, McKNOB, McLANLIN, McLEALAND, McLENTOG, McLOCHIN, McLOCKIN, McLOGHLIN, McLORNANE, McMAISTER, McMATH, McMISH, McMURRIN, McNARE, McNEAL, McNICOLL, McNILL, McROARTY, McRUDEN, McRUTTER, McSHADDEN, McSWINE, McWALLER, McWILLY, MEARE, MEDCALFE, MELL, MERCER, MERSTOUN, MERVYN, MERYWEATHER, MESSENGER, METLAND, MICHAEL, MICHELBURN, MICHELL, MILL, MILLER, MILLES, MITCHEL, MODERWELL, MOGRIDGE, MOLDRAGE, MOLLCHELLIN, MOLLINE, MONCREIFE, MONCRIEF, MONCRIEFF, MONCRIFF, MONKTON, MONNELL, MONRO, MONROE, MONROW, MONSERRANCE, MONT, MONTGOMERY, MONTGOMMERY, MOOR, MOORE, MOOREHEAD, MOOTE, MORDOCK, MORDOCKE, MORE, MORGAN, MORGES, MORE, MORGIN, MORISON, MORRICE, MORRIS, MORRISON, MORRISONN, MORROW, MORTHWAN, MOSSOM, MOULES, MOUNT, MOUSEROUN, MULHOLLAND, MULLAN, MUNDAY, MUNGOUMERYE, MUNNDLY, MUNNELLY, MUNROE, MURDOCK, MURE, MURPHETT, MURRAY, MURREY, MUTTERWELL, NAPPER, NAUGHTLEY, NEALE, NEALSON, NEELY, NEESBIT, NEILE, NEILSON, NELLAURE, NENMO, NESBIT, NESBITT, NESMITH, NEVILL, NEVILLE, NEVIN, NEWBURGH, NEWCOMB, NEWCOMEN, NEWEN, NEWMAN, NEWTON, NEWTOWN, NEWTOWNE, NICHOLS, NICHOLSON, NICHOLSONE, NICOLLSON, NIGHTINGALE, NILLEN, NISBET, NIXON, NOBLE, NORDE, NORMAN, NORRIS, NORY, NOTTRICE, NUTT, OBERY, O’BOWELL, O’BOYD, OBRE, O’BRELY, OBREY, O’BROLY, O’BYYNE, O’CANE, O’CAHAN, O’CAHN, O’CANAN, O’CANE, O’CANNAN, O’CATHAN, O’CHANE, O’CREVELLIN, O’CURRAN, O’DAYRE, O’DERMONT, O’DERRY, O’DEVENNY, O’DOGHERTIE, O’DOGHERTY, O’DOHERTY, O’DOHERTYE, O’DONNELL, O’DOWE, O’DREY, O’DURRYE, O’FENEY, O’GALLOGHER, O’GALLOHER, OGLE, O’GORMAN, O’GOWN, O’HAGARTIE, O’HAGARTY, O’HALLEY, O’HARKAN, O’HARLEY, O’HAVELAND, O’HEGARTIE, O’HEGARTY, O’HENRY, O’KEAN, O’KELLY, O’KELLEY, O’KINE, O’LAFFERTY, O’LANCARIE, O’LANIE, O’LASHEYE, O’LASHYE, O’LENERICK, O’LAULIN, O’LECKYE, OLFARDS, OLFEARD, OLFERT, O’LINE, O’LINSHANAN, O’MAULEY, O’MULLAN, O’NEAL, O’NEALE, O’NEIL, O’QUIGLEY, O’QUSTION, ORE, O’REALL, O’REGONE, ORNEAL, ORNELL, ORRELL, O’RELY, O’RENE, O’REYNE, ORMSBY, ORNOYLE, ORR, O’RODDEN, O’RYLIE, OSBORN, OSBURN, OSBORNE, OSBOURNE, O’SHEALE, O’SHEIL, O’SHENE, O’SHENKYE, O’SHERINE, O’SREAN, O’STEENE, O’STINE, O’STREENE, O’TAMENNY, O’TOY, OWENS, OWINS, PACKER, PACY, PAINE, PALMER, PARDEN, PAREY, PARKE, PARKER, PARKE, PARKER, PARKES, PARKS, PARSEY, PARSONS, PARTLET, PASLEY, PASSY, PATERSON, PATSHALL, PATSON, PATT, PATTERSON, PATTESHALL, PATY, PATYN, PAWLETT, PAYNTER, PERCY, PEAREMAN, PEARMAN, PEARSE, PEIRMON, PEIRSON, PERCEE, PENMAN, PEOPLES, PERPOYNT, PERRY, PETFEILD, PETT, PHETIS, PHILIPS, PHILLIPS, PICKARD, PICKIN, PIEMONT, PIERCE, PIERSON, PIGOT, PIGOTT, PILOT, PINKERTONN, PIOTT, PIREY, PIT, PITS, PITT, PITTS, PLATT, PLOTT, PLUNKET, PLUNKETT, POAGE, POAKE, POCK, POCKE, POGE, POKE, POLKE, POLLOCK, PONSONBY, POOK, POOKE, POOLIE, POOLE, PORTER, POTTS, POULTENEY, POULTON, POWELL, POWER, PREINT, PRENT, PRICE, PRIDION, PRIGEON, PRITTIE, PRITTY, PROPTER, PRYCE, PURDIE, PURDON, PUSTYE, QUALANE, QUANTAIN, QUIGGE, QUIGLEYE, QUIGLY, QUINTON, RABB, RAGSTON, RAILEY, RAIMAR, RAIMONDE, RAINEY, RAKNE, RAMESE, RAMIR, RAMSAY, RAMSEY, RAMSEYE, RANALDS, RANDALE, RANDLE, RANDOLL, RANICK, RANKEN, RANKIN, RANKINE, RANNELL, RANNELLS, RATCLIFFE, RAVEN, RAWDON, RAY, RAYE, RAYMON, RAYSDALE, REA, READ, READALL, READE, REALLY, REDDALL, REDGATE, REEDE, REIVES, RENEY, REYNOLDS, RICHARDE, RICHARDS, RICHARDSON, RICHARDSONN, RICE, RICHE, RICHER, RICHERSON, RICHEY, RICKEARDS, RICHMAN, RIDDAL, RIDDELL, RIDLEY, RILE, RINDE, RIPLEY, RISE, ROBACK, ROBERTON, ROBB, ROBENSON, ROBERT, ROBERTES, ROBERTS, ROBERTSON, ROBINS, ROBINSON, ROBINSONE, ROBISON, ROCHE, RODGER, RODGERS, ROE, ROES, ROGER, ROGERS, ROLE, ROOIN, ROOTELIDGE, ROSE, ROSS, ROSSAL, ROSSE, ROWAN, ROWAT, ROWE, ROWLEY, ROYD, ROYDE, ROYLY, RUDD, RUDDALL, RUDDEN, RUDDOCK, RUDE, RUDLE, RUE, RULE, RUSSELL, RUST, RUTTER, RYFORD, SACKFEILD, SADLER, SADOCK, SAMPSON, SAMPSONE, SAMSON, SANDELAM, SANDERS, SANDERSON, SANDYES, SANKEY, SAUNDERSON, SAVAGE, SCAMMON, SCOLLERS, SCOT, SCOTT, SCRIMGEOUR, SCRIMSEOUR, SEAR, SEARES, SEATON, SEMPILL, SEMPLE, SEYNTLOWE, SHANNON, SHARER, SHARPE, SHAW, SHAWE, SHELCROSS, SHELDON, SHELSHELTONN, SHERBY, SHERHARD, SHERINGTON, SHERLEY, SHERRARD, SHERRINGTON, SHERWOOD, SHEVINGTON, SHIRLOCK, SHOBURNE, SHORT, SHORTIDGE, SHREIFFE, SHURSBY, SIDBERT, SIDENHAM, SILL, SIMCOKE, SIMKINS, SIMPLE, SIMPSON, SIMS, SIMSON, SINCLAIR, SKAMON, SKEFFINGTON, SKELTON, SKERLET, SKEVINGTON, SKIFFINGTON, SKINER, SKINNER, SKIPTON, SKIPTONN, SKOT, SKYNNER, SLAMMON, SLATTER, SLATER, SLAUGHTER, SLEMON, SLOANE, SLONE, SLUANE SLURGEN, SMELLY, SMETY, SMITH, SMYTH, SMYTHE, SOLLERS, SOUTHERY, SPAN, SPARKES, SPARKS, SPEARE, SPENCER, SPIKE, SPREWELL, SPRINGHAN, SPROUSE, SPRUEL, SQUIRE, SQUIRL, STANHOPP, STANLEY, STANSBY, STAPLES, STARRET, STAYNE, STEEL, STEELE, STEENSON, STEILE, STENSON, STENSONN, STENSONNE, STERLINGE, STEVENSON, STEVSON, STEWARD, STEWART, STERLING, STEYNINGS, STILES, STILLYE, STINNSON, STINSON, STOCK, STOKKES, STOTESBURY, STRABRICK, STRABRIDG, STRANGE, STRINGER, STROBRIDGE, STRONG, STROUD, STUART, STUDDALL, STYNSON, SUTTON, SWAN, SWEATENHAM, SWEETNAM, SWOORLEY, SWYNE, SYD, SYMKINS, SYMONDS, SYMPSON, TACKETT, TAILZIOR, TAIRE, TALLEN, TALLON, TARBUTT, TARE, TARLETON, TASH, TATHE, TAYLOR, TEMPLE, TEMPLETINTON, TERRE, TERRY, THOMAS, THOMPSON, THOMSON, THORNTON, THORPE, TIFFANY, TINNEY, TOLLER, TOMKINS, TOMPSON, TOMPSONN, TOMSON, TOMSONE, TOOCKEY, TOPINE, TORESYTH, TOUCH, TOWERS, TOWNHAM, TOWNSEND, TOXONE, TOYDEN, TRACEY, TRACY, TRAICY, TRAPE, TREVERSE, TREVONE, TREVOR, TROWAN, TRUEMAN, TRUMAN, TUBMAN, TUCKER, TUCKEY, TURBAT, TURBET, TURBETT, TURNER, TYSE, UINSON, UPTON, VADELEY, VAIL, VALE, VAUDRY, VAUGHAN, VEASIE, VEASOY, VENABLES, VERETT, VERNOR, WADEN, WALDER, WALKER, WALL, WALLACE, WALLAS, WALLICE, WALLY, WALSH, WALTERS, WALTHAM, WANDERFORD, WARDE, WARDEN, WARDNER, WARDREN, WARNER, WARNET, WARREN, WASSEN, WASTLE, WATMOUTH, WATS, WATSEMON, WATSON, WATSONN, WATSONNE, WATT, WATTS, WAYNEMAN, WEBB, WEEKS, WEIR, WELL, WELLINGTON, WELLS, WELSH, WENDESFORD, WENNYS, WELSH, WESBY, WESCOINGE, WESGATE, WESSCOAT, WEST, WESTCOTE, WESTE, WESTGATE, WESTOCK, WESTON, WETHEROWE, WHALEY, WHARON, WHEADON, WHISTLER, WHITE, WHITEWELL, WHITLOE, WHITNEY, WHITTAKERS, WHITTLE, WHITWELL, WHYTE, WIGTOWN, WILDE, WILDRAGE, WILKINE, WILKINS, WILKINSON, WILL, WILLEMSON, WILLAGE, WILLIAM, WILLIAMS, WILLIAMSON, WILLINGTON, WILLIS, WILLSON, WILLSONE, WILLSONN, WILLYE, WILSON, WILSOUN, WINSLOW, WITAKER, WOLDREDG, WOLRIDGE, WOOD, WOODS, WOODSIDES, WOOL, WOOLL, WOOLDNEY, WOODES, WOODROSE, WOOLLEY, WOORK, WORKMAN, WRAY, WRAYE, WRIGHT, WURRAL, WYLDE, YALE, YARBAR, YARBOROY, YARBORROWE, YERBOREY, YORKE, YONGE, YOUNG, YOUNGE, ZACHARY